In developing the scale, we reviewed prior research on self-esteem. Including the closely related concept of "self-respect," we found a wealth of existing work, such as the Self-Esteem Scale for University Students by Yoshimori (2015)[1] and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale adapted by Sakurai (2000)[2]. On the other hand, no research was found that directly examined positive regard for others. Therefore, we referred to scales for related concepts such as interpersonal anxiety, other-directedness, and assertiveness as a basis for development.

Regarding the measurement items, a team consisting of certified psychologists, clinical psychologists, and graduates of psychology master's programs conducted brainstorming sessions. The items were then grouped using the KJ method, reviewed, and refined. The final version consists of 10 questions on self-esteem and 10 questions on positive regard for others.

• 【Self-Esteem】
• · Hope for the Future
• 1. I believe my future is bright.
• 2. I believe everything will work out for me.
• · Awareness of Strengths
• 3. I can name several of my own strengths.
• 4. I believe my thoughts and ideas have value.
• · Acceptance of the Past
• 5. I feel I have done well up to this point in my life.
• 6. I have come to accept my past failures.
• · Establishment of Identity
• 7. I feel fulfilled as I work toward my goals.
• 8. I feel that I am needed by society.
• · Basic Sense of Trust
• 9. I believe I was raised with love.
• 10. I feel loved by those around me now.



• 【Positive Regard for Others】
• · Discovery of Value in Others
• 11. I can find strengths in other people.
• 12. I find many people worthy of admiration.
• · Low Interpersonal Anxiety
• 13. I feel comfortable when talking with others.
• 14. I feel at ease around others.
• · Tolerance for Others' Mistakes
• 15. I am tolerant of others' failures.
• 16. I try to support others when they make mistakes.
• · Absence of Jealousy
• 17. I can genuinely celebrate others' successes.
• 18. I accept others without comparing them to myself.
• · Affirming Behavior Toward Others
• 19. I often compliment others.
• 20. I speak kindly about others.

● Number of Questions

Self-Esteem & Positive Regard for Others × 10 questions each

● 3-Point Scale

Yes = 2 points, Neutral = 1 point, No = 0 points

● High / Medium / Low Thresholds

15 or above　　High Self-Esteem

10 to 14　　　 Moderate Self-Esteem

9 or below　　 Low Self-Esteem

15 or above　　High Regard for Others

10 to 14　　　 Moderate Regard for Others

9 or below　　 Low Regard for Others

This scale identifies the following 9 personality types. The type names were determined through group discussion.

High Self / High Other　　　　　The Leader

High Self / Moderate Other　　　Optimist

High Self / Low Other　　　 　　Egoist

Moderate Self / High Other　　　The Humble

Moderate Self / Moderate Other　Balanced

Moderate Self / Low Other　　Guardian

Low Self / High Other　　　　　　The Follower

Low Self / Moderate Other　　　　Self-Critic

Low Self / Low Other　　　　　　 The Hermit

For each personality type, we provided an evaluation of approximately 1,000 characters covering key characteristics and points to be aware of. The content was developed based on prior research and the clinical experience of the authors.

This assessment has not been subjected to factor analysis or checks for reliability and validity. It reflects the professional judgment of specialists, but please note that it lacks sufficient statistical grounding and is not intended for use in academic research.

[1] Yoshimori, N. (2015). Development of a self-affirmation scale for university students. International Management and Cultural Research, 19.

[2] Sakurai, S. (2000). Examination of the Japanese version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Tsukuba University Developmental and Clinical Psychology Research, 12, 65–71.

* Additional References

Kuba, M., Saito, M., & Kobayashi, M. (2007). A study on self-esteem among elementary, junior high, and high school students. Bulletin of Tokyo Women's College of Physical Education, 42.

Kawagoe, M., & Okada, M. (2015). Factors affecting self-esteem in university students. Journal of the Japan Society of Home Economics, 66(5), 222–233.

Mizushima, H. (2015). Do you have self-esteem? The one and only method that will completely change your world. Yamato Publishing.

Hosoda, A., & Tajima, S. (n.d.). A study on social support and self/other affirmation among junior high school students. Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology.

Suzuki, E., Takayama, Y., Maruyama, A., & Azuma, T. (2017). Development of an assertiveness scale for new female nurses. Journal of Japanese Nursing Science.