* Historical Background

The Johari Window is a model for visualizing self-awareness and interpersonal relationships, first introduced in 1955 by American psychologists Joseph Luft and Harrington Ingham at a group dynamics training program at UCLA [1]. The name "Johari" derives from the first names of its creators: Joseph and Harrington.

The model organizes self-related information into four areas:

- Open Area: Known to both oneself and others
- Hidden Area: Known to oneself but not to others
- Blind Area: Known to others but not to oneself
- Unknown Area: Known to neither oneself nor others

This four-quadrant model was widely used in interpersonal relations training (T-groups) and became a foundational framework for conveying the importance of self-disclosure and feedback [2].

Ingham subsequently reported on applications of the Johari Window as a feedback technique through his practical work at the National Training Laboratories (NTL) [3]. The model has since been widely applied in organizational development, education, and psychological support contexts.

The Johari Window was originally conceived as a schematic framework — a four-quadrant model — and was not itself developed by Luft and Ingham as a Likert-type psychometric scale. However, a number of reliable scales exist for measuring the psychological tendencies represented by its two axes: self-disclosure (vertical axis) and awareness of how others perceive you (horizontal axis).

* Scales Related to Self-Disclosure

● Revised Self-Disclosure Scale (RSDS)
The RSDS measures the depth and openness of self-disclosure in interpersonal relationships, using a 5- to 7-point Likert format. It is a single-factor scale assessing the overall tendency toward disclosure behavior [4].

● Self-Disclosure Index (SDI)
The SDI is a 7-point Likert scale measuring the degree to which individuals disclose personal information — including personality, emotions, and experiences — to others. It is a single-factor scale designed to capture the frequency and proactiveness of disclosure in a concise format [5].


* Scales Related to Objective Self-Awareness

● Self-Consciousness Scale (SCS)
The SCS measures the degree to which individuals are aware of others' attention and evaluation. It consists of three factors — private self-consciousness, public self-consciousness, and social anxiety — with the public self-consciousness factor in particular reflecting awareness of how one is perceived by others [6].

● Feedback Orientation Scale (FOS)
The FOS measures receptiveness to feedback from others and the degree to which individuals are motivated to make use of it. It consists of four factors — utility, accountability, social awareness, and feedback seeking — and has been widely applied in practical settings [7].

This assessment draws on the above validated scales to design a concise measurement of both the self-disclosure axis and the other-perspective self-awareness axis of the Johari Window.

Certified psychologists, clinical psychologists, and graduates of psychology master's programs conducted brainstorming sessions, followed by a detailed review and refinement of the question items. In order to allow the assessment to be completed quickly with results that are easy to understand, ten questions were selected for each of the two Johari Window axes: self-disclosure (vertical axis) and awareness of others' perspectives (horizontal axis).

【Self-Disclosure (Vertical Axis) — 10 Questions】
1. I express my emotions naturally through my facial expressions and tone of voice.
2. I often share personal topics in conversation.
3. When I have a problem, I reach out to others for advice on my own initiative.
4. I am open about my mistakes and areas where I struggle.
5. I speak my mind honestly without worrying about how others will evaluate me.
6. I express gratitude in words without feeling embarrassed.
7. When something is unclear to me, I speak up and say so.
8. I actively share my thoughts and opinions without fear of making mistakes.
9. I take the initiative in bringing up topics in conversation.
10. I share my own ideas, efforts, and challenges with those around me.

【Awareness of Others' Perspectives (Horizontal Axis) — 10 Questions】
11. I am conscious of how I am perceived by those around me.
12. I have people in my life who give me feedback on my behavior and communication.
13. I adjust my behavior to suit the other person and the situation.
14. I accept difficult feedback as an opportunity to learn.
15. I have opportunities to receive evaluations and opinions from third parties.
16. I reflect on conversations that did not go well and look for ways to improve.
17. I review my way of speaking and manner and make improvements.
18. I study my own impression using video recordings or mirrors.
19. I am able to adjust my appearance to fit different environments.
20. I always make a point of hearing the other person's response to my views.

The questions in ③ are answered using the following 5-point scoring system.
· 5-Point Scale
Strongly Disagree　　1
Disagree　　　　　　3
Neutral　　　　　　　5
Agree　　　　　　　　7
Strongly Agree　　　　9


Since each scale consists of 10 items, the score range is as follows.

Minimum: 10 points
Maximum: 90 points

This scoring approach was adopted in order to visually reflect assessment results within the Johari Window diagram. If "Strongly Agree" were scored as 10 and "Strongly Disagree" as 0, answering "yes" to all questions would result in the Hidden Area or Blind Area collapsing to zero — which would undermine the original purpose of the Johari Window, which is to visually capture the balance between the four panes. The maximum score of 9 and minimum of 1 serve the same purpose: to prevent any pane from disappearing entirely.

Based on the above rationale, the following four types have been defined.

① Open Area — Dominant Type
Self-Disclosure Score: 51–90
Other-Perspective Score: 51–90
Condition: Self-Disclosure ≧ 51 AND Other-Perspective ≧ 51

② Hidden Area — Dominant Type
Self-Disclosure Score: 10–50
Other-Perspective Score: 51–90
Condition: Self-Disclosure ≦ 50 AND Other-Perspective ≧ 51

③ Blind Area — Dominant Type
Self-Disclosure Score: 51–90
Other-Perspective Score: 10–50
Condition: Self-Disclosure ≧ 51 AND Other-Perspective ≦ 50

④ Unknown Area — Dominant Type
Self-Disclosure Score: 10–50
Other-Perspective Score: 10–50
Condition: Self-Disclosure ≦ 50 AND Other-Perspective ≦ 50

For all four types, the score is displayed as 0–100 on the diagram to prevent any pane from collapsing entirely.

For each type, the assessment results include an evaluation of approximately 1,000 characters covering key characteristics and points to be aware of. The content was developed based on prior research and the clinical experience of the authors.

This assessment has not been subjected to factor analysis or checks for reliability and validity. It reflects the professional judgment of specialists, but please note that it lacks sufficient statistical grounding and is not intended for use in academic research.

[1] Luft, J., & Ingham, H. (1955). The Johari Window: A Graphic Model of Interpersonal Awareness. UCLA Western Training Lab.
[2] Luft, J. (1969). Of Human Interaction. National Press Books.
[3] Ingham, H. (1970). Group Feedback and the Johari Window. NTL Institute.
[4] Chelune, G. J., Robison, J. T., & Kommor, M. J. (1981). A cognitive interactionist model of intimate relationships. In M. Cook (Ed.), The Bases of Human Sexuality.
[5] Miller, R. S., Berg, J. H., & Archer, R. L. (1983). Openers: Individuals who elicit intimate self-disclosure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(6), 1234–1244.
[6] Fenigstein, A., Scheier, M. F., & Buss, A. H. (1975). Public and Private Self-Consciousness: Assessment and Theory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43(4), 522–527.
[7] London, M., & Smither, J. W. (2002). Feedback orientation, feedback culture, and the longitudinal performance management process. Human Resource Management Review, 12(1), 81–100.